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Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmia) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves’ Disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Measurement of the degree of exophthalmos is performed using an exophthalmometer. Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or swelling of surrounding tissue resulting from trauma.
In the case of Graves’ Disease, the displacement of the eye is due to abnormal connective tissue deposition in the orbit and extraocular muscles which can be visualized by CT or MRI.[1]
If left untreated, exophthalmos can cause the eye lids to fail to close during sleep leading to corneal dryness and damage. The process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery leading to blindness.
Some sources define exophthalmos as a protrusion of the globe greater than 18 mm and proptosis as a protusion equal to or less than 18 mm. (Epstein et al, 2003). Others define “exophthalmos” as protrusion secondary to endocrine dysfunction and “proptosis” as any non-endocrine-mediated protrusion [1].
Anophthalmos Leukemias Cellulitis, Orbital Meningioma, Sphenoid Wing Dacryoadenitis Mucormycosis Dermoid, Orbital Orbital Fracture, Apex Duane Syndrome Orbital Fracture, Floor Fistula, Carotid Cavernous Orbital Fracture, Medial Wall Glaucoma, Juvenile Orbital Fracture, Zygomatic Globe Retraction Ptosis, Adult Hemangioma, Cavernous Ptosis, Congenital Horner Syndrome Thyroid Ophthalmopathy
Exophthalmos is commonly found in dogs. It is a normal condition in brachycephalic (short nosed) dog breeds because of the shallow orbit. However, it can lead to keratitis secondary to exposure of the cornea. Exophthalmos is commonly seen in the Pug, Boston Terrier, Pekingese, and Shih Tzu.
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