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Emphysema (IPA: [??mf?’zim?]) is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD, as it is otherwise known, formerly termed a chronic obstructive lung disease). It is often caused by exposure to toxic chemicals, including long-term exposure to tobacco smoke.
Emphysema is characterized by loss of elasticity (increased Pulmonary compliance) of the lung tissue, from destruction of structures supporting the alveoli, and destruction of capillaries feeding the alveoli, owing to the action of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency. Thus the small airways collapse during exhalation, as alveolar collapsibility has increased. This impedes airflow and traps air in the lungs, as with other obstructive lung diseases. Symptoms include shortness of breath on exertion and later at rest, hyperventilation, and an expanded chest. However, the constricted air passages are not immediately deadly, and treatment is available.
Any COPD disease results in hypoxaemia (decreased blood partial pressure of oxygen) and hypercapnia (increased blood partial pressure of carbon dioxide). However skin perfusion can play a role in the differential diagnosis:
Signs of emphysema include pursed-lipped breathing, central cyanosis and finger clubbing. The chest has hyper resonant percussion notes, particularly just above the liver, and a difficult to palpate apex beat, both due to hyperinflation. There may be decreased breath sounds and audible expiratory wheeze. In advanced disease, there are signs of fluid overload such as pitting peripheral edema. The face has a ruddy complexion if there is a secondary polycythemia. Sufferers who retain carbon dioxide have asterixis (metabolic flap) at the wrist.
Classically, clinical examination reveals no overt crackles, but in some patients the fine opening of airway ‘popping’ can be heard. It is unlike the fine crackles of pulmonary fibrosis or coarse crackles of mucus or oedematous fluid.
Emphysema can be classified into two types: Primary and Secondary. However, it is more commonly classified by location.
Emphysema can be subdivided into panacinary and centroacinary (or panacinar and centriacinar,[1] or centrilobular and panlobular).[2]
Other types include distal acinar and irregular.[1]
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