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Congenital amputation is a congenital disorder caused by fibrous bands of the amnion that constrict foetal limbs to such an extent, that they fall off due to missing blood supply. The child is born without one or more limbs or without parts of limbs (amelia).
The inner fetal membrane (amnion) ruptures without injury to the outer membrane (chorion). Fibrous bands from the ruptured amnion float in the amniotic fluid and can get entangled with the fetus, thus reducing blood supply to the developing limbs to such an extent, that the limbs can become strangulated, the tissues die and are absorbed into the amniotic fluid. Amnion ruptures can be caused by:
In rare cases, if diagnosed in utero, fetal surgery may be considered to save a limb which is in danger of amputation.
Theterm “congenital amputation” is sometimes used loosely to mean “congenital absence”.
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